Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

The Northeast Heatwave
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 09:08 GMT le 07 juillet 2010 +3
Hi, Dr. Rob Carver, filling in for Jeff while he's on vacation.

The most significant weather event in the US on July 6, 2010 didn't show up on any radar. The geostationary satellites didn't see it in their constant watch over the Earth's atmosphere. Instead, the tale of this event was told by the thermometers, because the heatwave in the Northeast was the most significant event for July 6, and it will likely be the most important weather story for July 7.

The heat wave covers Pennsylvania to Maine, but Tuesday's worst was centered over New York City. All six of the stations used by the New York NWS office for climate reports (Central Park, La Guardia, JFK, Islip, Bridgeport, and Newark) set or tied the daily high temperature record. Newark and Central Park both reached 103 degrees F.

How unusual is this heat wave?
Figures 1 and 2 show how warm the highs and lows are compared to 30 year averages. Unless you were at the Great Lakes, the Midwest and Northeast have highs well above normal, with 10-15+ degree F differences over the coastal cities of the Northeast. Using my gridded temperature data, the low for New York City was 6 degrees F above normal, which should happen 30% of the time (1.1 standard deviations away from normal). The high was roughly 20 degrees above normal, which should happen only 0.29% of the time (3.04 standard deviations away from normal). This is an unusually strong heat wave.

Why it's hot
Basically, it's because there is "the Bull of a high pressure ridge [over the NE US]" to quote the Mount Holly NWS office forecast discussion. The large ridge of high pressure is forcing air to slowly descend across the Northeast, preventing clouds from forming. Without no clouds and plenty of daylight, the Sun heats the ground which then heats the air.

When will it cool down?
That's an excellent question. A trough of low pressure off the coast will bring onshore winds to the Tri-State area and MA by Thursday, so they should cool down a bit. The southern part of the heat wave, DC and Philadelphia, will have to wait for a cold front to arrive from the Great Lakes sometime Saturday to get relief.

Population affected
As Figure 3 shows, heat advisories covered most of the urban areas of the northeastern US. By my calculations, over 32 million people were under a heat advisory. Different offices have different guidelines for heat advisories. The NWS office responsible for New York issues a heat advisory if the heat index will be above 95 deg. F for two or more days or if the index will be above 100 deg. F for any length of time.


Fig.1 Plot of the difference between maximum temperature (the high for the day) and average maximum temperature in degrees F for July 6.


Fig.2 Plot of the difference between minimum temperature (the low for the day) and average minimum temperature in degrees F for July 6.


Fig.3 Plot of the active heat advisories across the northeastern US for July 6.

Heatwave impacts
The predominant impact from heat waves is increased mortality. CDC estimates that over 8,000 people died during heat waves from 1979 to 2003. That's more than all of the deaths due to lightning, flooding, tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes. The elderly, sick, poor, and very young face the worst of the effects of the heat. Wikipedia has an interesting article describing the Chicago Heat Wave of 1995, a modern heat wave with a large number of fatalities due to the heat.

Heatwave coping strategies
The Centers for Disease Control have some tips for dealing with the heat. In summary, drink plenty of water, spend time in air-conditioned buildings, and wear light-colored clothing.

Is this heat wave due to global warming?
Ah, the $64,000 question. In the absence of detailed analysis, it's hard to specify the exact cause for this heat wave, from a meteorological or climatological view point. However, events like this are consistent with research showing that heat waves are more likely with
global warming
. I like the metaphor of loaded dice, global warming is not specifically responsible for any heat wave, but it will make them happen more often.

Tropics
My thinking on Invest 96L is unchanged from this blog entry. In summary, I believe that 96L has a <50 % chance becoming a tropical cyclone before it makes landfall. If it does so, it will likely be near the coast when that happens. In any event though, the winds and waves it generates will likely disrupt oil spill recovery efforts. Also, I would expect a broad area of showers and 20+ mph winds will affect the Gulf coast somewhere from south Texas to Louisiana.

Next update
I'll have an update this afternoon to talk about the tropics.
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1252. Hurricanes101 22:57 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting CJC111:
Hi Storm, does the tropical funnle come with a small umbrella?


only if you spell it right lol, j/k


did we figure out when the next recon flight would be?
Member Since: 10 Mars 2010 Posts: 1 Comments: 6902
1253. reedzone 22:58 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Over the past few hours, it seems that the structure is starting to improve fast.. Got my crow defrosting for tomorrow.
Member Since: 1 juillet 2008 Posts: 13 Comments: 7247
1254. bigdoge3 22:59 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Hey StormW or Levi what are the latest coordinates? Thanks.
1255. TxMarc71 22:59 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
I have always wondered....

Does anyone (Pat, StormW) know why there is much much less electrical activity (thunder and lightning) associated with tropical systems than say your average summer storm??
1256. Hardcoreweather2010 22:59 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09:
What percentage will the NHC give 96L of tropical cyclone formation in the next 48 hours on the 8PM TWO?

The person that guesses correctly gets a cookie. Lol.

By the way I went with a 70% chance.


2%
Member Since: 24 janvier 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 529
1257. HurricaneSwirl 22:59 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting reedzone:
Over the past few hours, it seems that the structure is starting to improve fast.. Got my crow defrosting for tomorrow.


Might wanna chuck it in the microwave in case it becomes Bonnie tonight lol jk, it wont.
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1258. HurricaneSwirl 23:00 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Hardcoreweather2010:


2%


That's the chance you'll get that cookie..
Member Since: 7 juillet 2008 Posts: 2 Comments: 3237
1259. Hurricanes101 23:00 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting HurricaneSwirl:


That's the chance you'll get that cookie..


LMAO
Member Since: 10 Mars 2010 Posts: 1 Comments: 6902
1260. nrtiwlnvragn 23:00 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Hurricanes101:


only if you spell it right lol, j/k


did we figure out when the next recon flight would be?


Schedule fix 12Z (8 AM) tomorrow morning.
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1262. reedzone 23:02 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting HurricaneSwirl:


That's the chance you'll get that cookie..


NICE!!! lol
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1263. Patrap 23:02 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    

New Lightning Tech Could Help Hurricane Tracking & Preparation
By Joe Pappalardo



October 1, 2009 12:00 AM

Tallying lightning strikes from thousands of miles away may be the key to measuring the strength of hurricanes before they get close to land. "There have been big advances in predicting where hurricanes will go," says Kirt Squires, the co-author of a recent paper studying lightning patterns in hurricanes. "But ways to determine how strong they will be are still lagging."
29diggsdigg

Currently, the only way to get real-time information on wind speed inside the eye wall is to send in an airplane. But stronger winds produce more lightning, so measuring the frequency of lightning is a good way to track the strength of a hurricane, Squires says. Very low frequency radio signatures of strikes can be picked up from thousands of miles away with commercially available detectors as those signals bounce between the ground and the ionosphere.

The reason high winds cause lightning has to do with the way ice and hail move inside the eye wall. As the frozen water particles rise and fall, they lose electrons, which collect at the bottom of a cloud, producing a negative charge that causes lightning. Squires and University of Hawaii researchers report similar patterns of lightning during the life cycles of recent hurricanes, forming a potential base line for a detector that can determine wind speed without the risk of hurricane flights.­­
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 372 Comments: 111623
1264. reedzone 23:02 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
After looking at the organization over the last hour, I'd say 60% for now.
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1265. truecajun 23:03 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
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1266. LightningCharmer 23:03 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting TxMarc71:
I have always wondered....

Does anyone (Pat, StormW) know why there is much much less electrical activity (thunder and lightning) associated with tropical systems than say your average summer storm??
In short there is limited vertical exchange of air, water droplets, ice and water vapor in tropical systems which is necessary for lightning. I'm sure one of the experts here can elaborate.
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1267. Patrap 23:04 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Happy Birthday Ringo Starr

A Beatle turns 70.

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1268. Hardcoreweather2010 23:06 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting HurricaneSwirl:


That's the chance you'll get that cookie..


What kind of cookies ?
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1271. KarenRei 23:07 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting TxMarc71:
I have always wondered....

Does anyone (Pat, StormW) know why there is much much less electrical activity (thunder and lightning) associated with tropical systems than say your average summer storm??


Lightning is caused by static charges being built up between two different kinds of ice -- graupel (ice pellets) and snow. This static transfer tends to build up differential charges between them, as sharp-pointed surfaces more readily give up electrons than smooth surfaces. The snow is blown aloft easier while the graupel tends to fall more readily, thus separating the charges. Lightning results.

Hurricanes, being warm-cored systems, produce very little ice, and thus have little charge separation,
and thus, lightning.
Member Since: 7 septembre 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 934
1272. TxMarc71 23:07 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
It's always sureal (neat in a way) that with tropical weather it can be raining as hard as it can possibly rain... with virtually no thunder and lightning..

1273. Levi32 23:09 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting bigdoge3:
Hey StormW or Levi what are the latest coordinates? Thanks.


Official 18z coordinates were 23.8N, 93.6W. On current satellite imagery I have it near 24N, 94.1W, but it is hard to get an exact fix due to all the cloud-cover.
Member Since: 24 novembre 2005 Posts: 586 Comments: 25459
1274. TxMarc71 23:09 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Thanks Pat, Karen, Storm, and Charmer great info!!
1275. Dakster 23:10 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Patrap:

New Lightning Tech Could Help Hurricane Tracking & Preparation
By Joe Pappalardo



October 1, 2009 12:00 AM

Tallying lightning strikes from thousands of miles away may be the key to measuring the strength of hurricanes before they get close to land. "There have been big advances in predicting where hurricanes will go," says Kirt Squires, the co-author of a recent paper studying lightning patterns in hurricanes. "But ways to determine how strong they will be are still lagging."
29diggsdigg

Currently, the only way to get real-time information on wind speed inside the eye wall is to send in an airplane. But stronger winds produce more lightning, so measuring the frequency of lightning is a good way to track the strength of a hurricane, Squires says. Very low frequency radio signatures of strikes can be picked up from thousands of miles away with commercially available detectors as those signals bounce between the ground and the ionosphere.

The reason high winds cause lightning has to do with the way ice and hail move inside the eye wall. As the frozen water particles rise and fall, they lose electrons, which collect at the bottom of a cloud, producing a negative charge that causes lightning. Squires and University of Hawaii researchers report similar patterns of lightning during the life cycles of recent hurricanes, forming a potential base line for a detector that can determine wind speed without the risk of hurricane flights.­­


VERY interesting article. Now has anyone tested it out to see?
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1277. Patrap 23:12 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
RAW: NASA Hurricane Jimena Lightning

Courtesy NASA and accuweather.com


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1278. GeoffreyWPB 23:13 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
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1279. Levi32 23:13 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Convection with 96L is still being limited in intensity at least partially by Alex's cool SST wake, which is a big factor here.



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1280. GeoffreyWPB 23:14 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Ut-oh...pine hole eye??? :)
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1281. CaicosRetiredSailor 23:15 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting StormW:


Because the process that causes lightning in a thunderstorm, is due to mostly the effect of vertical winds in the thunderstorm.

In a tropical cyclone, the winds are traveling mostly horizontal. Now, some very intense hurricanes have had lightning near the eyewall.

Here's a good article on it:

NASA



I think this may be the article StormW meant to link:

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2006/hurricane_lightning.html


( his link went to his previous image... I have done that also)
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1284. JBirdFireMedic 23:18 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Daveg:
Well it ain't purty... but it is starting to effect more and more of the gulf...



That it has. It prevented me from going offshore to work today. Im now in a holding pattern onshore waiting and watching.
Member Since: 10 août 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 246
1285. Hardcoreweather2010 23:19 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Looks less organized than it was a couple of hours ago and not nearly the man that 95L was. I expect 96L to go poof overnight but the effects will still be the same for Texas and MX.
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1286. Patrap 23:19 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
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1287. JBirdFireMedic 23:20 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting reedzone:
Over the past few hours, it seems that the structure is starting to improve fast.. Got my crow defrosting for tomorrow.


LMAO. Takes a real man to eat crow! Impressive.
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1289. Patrap 23:20 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
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1290. Drakoen 23:20 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Nicely developed low pressure system is 96L.

Member Since: 28 octobre 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29010
1291. GeoffreyWPB 23:21 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Hardcoreweather2010:
Looks less organized than it was a couple of hours ago and not nearly the man that 95L was. I expect 96L to go poof overnight but the effects will still be the same for Texas and MX.


Then it is fair to state that you believe it will stay orange or go down to yellow at 8:00 p.m.?
Member Since: 10 septembre 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 9127
1292. MiamiHurricanes09 23:22 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Last call!

What percentage will the NHC give 96L of tropical cyclone formation in the next 48 hours on the 8PM TWO?

The person that guesses correctly gets a cookie. Lol.

By the way I went with a 70% chance.

Everything will close at 7:30 PM EDT.
Member Since: 2 septembre 2009 Posts: 129 Comments: 19976
1293. MiamiHurricanes09 23:23 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting Drakoen:
Nicely developed low pressure system is 96L.

Very impressive on satellite.
Member Since: 2 septembre 2009 Posts: 129 Comments: 19976
1294. bakers 23:23 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
96L will not develope. it is nothing more than a big ball of convection.
Member Since: 17 juin 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 45
1295. KoritheMan 23:23 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting MiamiHurricanes09:
Last call!

What percentage will the NHC give 96L of tropical cyclone formation in the next 48 hours on the 8PM TWO?

The person that guesses correctly gets a cookie. Lol.

By the way I went with a 70% chance.


70%.
Member Since: 7 Mars 2007 Posts: 411 Comments: 15473
1297. Jynni99 23:23 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
I say 65% they have been conservative lately...IMO
1298. Drakoen 23:25 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
I say the NHC gives it a 70% chance
Member Since: 28 octobre 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29010
1299. PtownBryan 23:25 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Quoting TxMarc71:
Heavy topical rain here in Houston for the last couple hours..

almost no thunder and lightning.. very little wind .. just flat out heavy tropical rain


Really? Pearland here I have heard plenty of thunder..including now...but not while the rain is pouring...weird.
Member Since: 5 juillet 2010 Posts: 0 Comments: 170
1301. KarenRei 23:26 GMT le 07 juillet 2010    
Stron
Quoting bakers:
96L will not develope. it is nothing more than a big ball of convection.


Yep. Nothing more than a big ball of warm-core convection with a surface circulation over tropical waters in low to moderate shear with increasingly sustained convection over its center and an anticyclone overhead. Who ever heard of something like that developing?

;)
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About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

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