Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Mile-wide tornado smashes Windsor, Colorado; plus, hurricane season commentary
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 13:23 GMT le 23 mai 2008 +2
A mile-wide tornado swept through Colorado between 11am and noon yesterday, ripping the roofs off buildings, tossing cars into the air, and killing at least one person in Weld County, northeast of Denver. Hail up to 2.75" in diameter accompanied the storm, which took an unusual north-northwesterly track , parallel to the Rocky Mountains north of Denver. Hardest hit was the town of Windsor, between Fort Collins and Greely, where damage appeared to be at least EF3. A local TV station took some impressive live video of the tornado, and a wunderground web cam video in Windsor, Colorado (Figure 1) caught the funnel as it passed east of the camera.


Figure 1.Webcam view looking east at 11:45am MDT in Windsor, Colorado as the tornado passed by. Note the golf ball-sized hail covering the ground. Image credit: windsorweather.com.

The Weather Underground's tornado expert, Rob Carver, had this explanation of yesterday's tornadoes:

Two low pressure systems over the Western U.S. were the cause of the severe weather outbreak of May 22. A strong upper-level low over the Great Basin formed a surface low in the lee of the Rockies, and brought a strong southerly mid-level jet over the Plains of Colorado and Kansas. As the surface low formed, it brought warm moist air northwards, forming a warm front. This warm air moved westward, rising with the terrain, causing thunderstorms to form. Once these storms formed, the juxtaposition of easterly flow at the surface with southerly flow aloft (i.e., wind shear) produced significant spin in the horizontal direction, which was tilted by the storms to vertical spin, which triggered the formation of tornadic thunderstorms. This movement of the warm front up the slope of the Rockies to help trigger tornadic thunderstorms is a rare occurrence.



Figure 2. Radar reflectivity image (top) of the Windsor, Colorado tornado at 11:45am MDT May 22, 2008. Note the classic hook-shaped echo associated with the tornado. Bottom: Doppler velocity image of the tornado, showing a small core of red and blue colors right next to each other, denoting strong winds towards and away from the radar, the classic signature of a tornado vortex. For those interested, we've saved an animation of the reflectivity and Doppler velocity.

Severe weather forecast
Severe weather is expected today over Kansas, Nebraska, and surrounding states. NOAA's Storm Prediction Center has placed portions of this area under its "Moderate Risk" category for severe weather, one step below its highest level of concern, "High Risk". Yesterday was also a "Moderate Risk" day, which SPC later upgraded to "High Risk" once the tornadoes started pounding Colorado. More severe weather is expected Saturday and Sunday over the Midwest as the upper-level low pressure system responsible moves slowly eastward. The Weather Underground Severe Weather page and Tornado page and WebCam page are good places to go to follow the severe weather. Also, tune in to the chase accounts and awesome storm photos from Wunderblogger Mike Theiss, who was in Kansas yesterday, and has posted many spectacular photos of yesterday's storms. According to Mike's blog:

Today Cloud 9 Tours saw 4 tornadoes and ONE developing almost overhead. We experienced winds over 100mph from the circulation of the meso that passed overhead as a cone tornado developed. Stay Tuned....


Possible development in the Eastern Pacific late next week
The past four days, the ECMWF model has been predicting the formation of a tropical storm in the the Eastern Pacific, just off the coast of Guatemala, around May 29. The GFS model has also been predicting something might develop, but in the Western Caribbean near Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The GFS has been rather inconsistent with its handling of this potential storm, and I am inclined to discount its forecast--especially since last night's long range runs of the NOGAPS, Canadian, and UKMET models all show development in the Eastern Pacific, not the Caribbean. All five models predict a northward shift in the jet stream and substantial relaxation in wind shear over the Eastern Pacific and Western Caribbean next week. It is common to see May tropical storms in the Eastern Pacific, and it would not be a surprise to see something develop there. I'd put the odds of something popping up in the Western Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico at less than 10%, though.

NOAA's seasonal hurricane forecast
NOAA issued its annual seasonal hurricane forecast yesterday, which I discussed in detail in yesterday's blog entry. Yesterday's forecast came out with a little more uncertainty attached to it than previous forecasts, which is a good thing. The media attention and fanfare that accompanies these forecasts is rather excessive, given the low skill they have. In fact, we don't even know if the NOAA forecasts have ANY mathematical skill, because they've never released a verification study of their forecasts. I doubt that the skill is very high--as Eric Berger of the Houston Chronicle pointed out in a blog yesterday, NOAA has blown its forecast of Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) each of the last six years. NOAA held its usual press conference to announce the forecast; this year, it was held at the home of the NOAA Hurricane Hunter aircraft, MacDill AFB in Tampa. The NOAA dignitaries present said all the right things, preaching the need for preparedness regardless of the forecast for the upcoming hurricane season. Still, I wonder if NOAA might be hurting themselves by making such a public spectacle over the release of a forecast that no one knows the accuracy of, and has performed poorly by some measures in recent years. I do like the fact they are issuing public hurricane forecasts, as I expect their accuracy and value will improve in coming years, but they're definitely not worth the attention they're getting at present.

Jeff Masters
Tornado1 (kd7tda)
One of several tornados. This one was near Grainfield, KS
Tornado1
Tornado Damage 3 (jlg)
Damage from today's Tornado in Windsor, Colorado
Tornado Damage 3
()
Mean Looking Meso with Cone Tornado (MikeTheiss)
Photo os a wallcloud with a developing tornado passing just to the north of our location on May 22nd, 2008. Photo copyright Mike Theiss
Mean Looking Meso with Cone Tornado
Categories: Tornado
  Permalink | A A A
Reader Comments
Display: 0, 50, 100, 200 Sort: Newest First - Order Posted
Viewing: 1551 - 1601

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48Blog Index

1551. TerraNova 11:59 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1548. FLWeatherFreak91 7:53 AM EDT on May 25, 2008

Thanks FLWeatherFreak.
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1552. TheCaneWhisperer 12:18 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
I think the models will get a better handle on this situation when and if something develops. There are many undetermined things to answer that we're not able to now because there is nothing to look at (Size, Strength, Location of Development). All those play a major role in determining where it will go.
1553. moonlightcowboy 12:25 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
...you ask me why I love her? Why our soldiers love her! There's weather and whether all across this country, by some, many! Remember our Vets...those gone and those serving!

Member Since: 9 juillet 2006 Posts: 179 Comments: 28118
1554. TerraNova 12:31 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Houston/Galveston, Texas WFO

MODELS CONTINUE TO SHOW
DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL SYSTEM NEAR THE YUCATAN THAT EVENTUALLY
MOVES WEST INTO THE BAY CAMPHECHE...EARLIER RUNS SHOWED IT MAY
STALL OVER THE YUCATAN THEN HEADOFF TH THE EAST BUT BOTH GFS/ECMWF
NOW HAVE LESS OF A WEAKNESS ACROSS THE WESTERN GULF...BUT ENOUGH
RIDGING ACROSS THE NORTHERN GULF AND TEXAS TO STEER IT WEST
KEEPING IT WELL SOUTH. MAY MAKE FOR A WET SUNDAY IN SETX THE
FIRST SUNDAY AND MONDAY OF JUNE IF IT DEVELOPS AND TRACKS WEST
TAPING INTO THE ASSOCIATED MOISTURE.

Brownsville, Texas WFO

ALTHOUGH THE 2008 HURRICANE SEASON DOES NOT START FOR
ANOTHER 7 DAYS...THE TROPICAL ACTIVITY APPEARS TO BE INCREASING
ALREADY AS A TROPICAL WAVE WITH ASSOCIATED CONV IS NOW MOVING INTO
THE BAY OF CAMPECHE. ALSO...BOTH THE ECMWF AND THE GFS TRY TO
DEVELOP A SURFACE LOW IN THE WESTERN CARIB SEA AROUND 5/31-6/1
EVENTUALLY MOVING THIS SURFACE TROUGH/LOW INTO THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF
OF MEX DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF JUNE. PLEASE REFER TO THE LATEST
STATEMENTS AND OUTLOOKS FROM NHC/HPC CONCERNING THIS POTENTIAL
FEATURE.
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1555. moonlightcowboy 12:38 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Well, I hope everyone "remembers" why they get to blog, and those that sacrifice everything for so many! God bless our soldiers whose shoulders, whose patriotism and courage is always steadfast and defends FREEDOM!

...Amen!

Member Since: 9 juillet 2006 Posts: 179 Comments: 28118
1556. Cavin Rawlins 12:49 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
.
Member Since: 24 juillet 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076
1557. FLWeatherFreak91 13:13 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
DELETED
Member Since: 1 décembre 2006 Posts: 2 Comments: 3458
1558. Cavin Rawlins 13:14 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Member Since: 24 juillet 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076
1559. FloridaRick 13:22 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Moonlight,
From all of us that have served, we thank you for your support! God Bless
Member Since: 27 juillet 2005 Posts: 0 Comments: 18
1561. Patrap 13:47 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
No Final Nudge Needed for Phoenix
05.25.08, 9:30 a.m. EDT -- NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander will reach Mars this evening with no further adjustments to its flight path. The first possible time for confirmation that Phoenix has landed will be at 7:53 p.m. Eastern Time today.
Read more
› Next briefing: 6 p.m. Eastern, NASA TV on the Web Link
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1563. TerraNova 13:50 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Here's a real great guide for the tropical weather forecaster from the Navy/NRL:
Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1564. StormJunkie 14:00 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Morning all :~)

T- 9hrs 51 min Pat!
Member Since: 17 août 2005 Posts: 26 Comments: 15218
1565. Patrap 14:04 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
The Planets getting bigger by the minute in da window I bet..

Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1566. ClearH2OFla 14:04 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Good Morning Everyone. Question, say a mention of a possible storm heading toward west coast of Florida. Never could find anything (model run) on that. Can anyone confirm or deny. Thanks in advance
1567. franck 14:05 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1555...not against Memorial Day but your post has little to do with history. It's a movie, and a dead actor.
Member Since: 30 août 2005 Posts: 0 Comments: 1150
1568. Patrap 14:11 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
The opening monologue, delivered by Scott with an enormous American flag behind him, remains an iconic and often quoted image in film. Despite the rise of the Vietnam protest movement and a decline in interest in World War II movies, the film became a success and an American classic.[2]

In 2003, Patton was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


Gee, How deflating. I liked Patton and George C. Scott.


A Oscar Award winning Actor and Best Film for that Year,71 I believe.
A tribute to WW-2 Vets.

Thanx MLC.

Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1569. Patrap 14:19 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
GOES-12 Atlantic Ocean View (Updated ~3 hours) Link
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1571. Cavin Rawlins 14:36 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1570,

LINK
Member Since: 24 juillet 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076
1572. Patrap 14:37 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
One cant see the Future.
But one can Prepare.

Hurricane Preparedness Week Starts Today
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1573. TerraNova 14:40 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
So, folks are we FINALLY going to see a Carib storm at some point this week or aren't we? Any reply would be greatly appreciated!!!

LOL, that a very good question! Honestly, it's impossible to tell. I suppose the fact that some NWS forecasting offices have begun to notice, and (more over) that more models have begun to catch on is an indication that the possiblity of an Atlantic storm is rising. But how likely this scenerio is is very to tell. Right now all we can rely on are models that can't seem to make up their minds and climatology. Again, only time will tell. Wednesday will be very interesting in the tropics.
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1574. juniormeteorologist 14:46 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
I was just looking at the GFS models, and what are these blob that seems to be developing? Please explain to me!

Monday June 02



Monday June 09
1575. Patrap 14:48 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Its a Model run..nothing more.Just a tool for insight as to what MAY occur.
Do not use for Planning Purposes.

Rely on the NHC,NWS and your Local NWS office for official Forecast Products
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1576. juniormeteorologist 14:48 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
thanx patrap!
1577. Patrap 14:49 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
UNYSIS GFSx Day 10 4JUNE 0Z Surface Link
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1578. TerraNova 14:49 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
I was just looking at the GFS models, and what are these blob that seems to be developing? Please explain to me!

Refer to post #1554.
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1579. IKE 14:50 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1574. juniormeteorologist 9:46 AM CDT on May 25, 2008
I was just looking at the GFS models, and what are these blob that seems to be developing? Please explain to me!


It's moisture...too far in advance to know if it's anything more.
Member Since: 9 juin 2005 Posts: 23 Comments: 37044
1580. Cavin Rawlins 14:51 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
U may also like to take a look at this QuikSCAT pass. It shows a circulation near 85W-90W north of 10N. Likely induced by a passing tropical wave.
Member Since: 24 juillet 2005 Posts: 407 Comments: 19076
1581. juniormeteorologist 14:53 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Thanks again patrap! I just looked at that model also...

TerraNova, I read that statement, and i highly think that there is a good chance this will become the first system of the year.

1583. StormJunkie 15:06 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1574.

It also helps to look at the different variables that models forecast jm. Ex being, vorticity, upper level winds, etc.

These are some pretty good video tutorials on using and navigating several of the model pages.

Member Since: 17 août 2005 Posts: 26 Comments: 15218
1584. Patrap 15:07 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
BarometerBob Show Link

Dont forget to join Barometer Bob for The 2008 Hurricane Preparedness Week will be held May 25th through May 31st.


Bob will be hosting "Hurricane Hollow's Hurricane Awareness Week" Internet Broadcasts each evening beginning at 8PM/ET on WRBN.Net with your host Barometer Bob Brookens and special guests.


Scheduled Guests

Sunday May 25 - Lew Fincher, from HurricaneConsulting.Net. You have seen him on the History Channel special about "Isaac's Storm" the 1900 Galveston Hurricane.
Monday May 26 - Jamie Rhome, Hurricane Specialist at the National Hurricane Center.
Tuesday May 27 - Bob Breck, Chief Meteorologist from WVUE-TV - Fox 8 in New Orleans, LA.
Wednesday May 28 - Laura Algeo, FEMA Region IV, National Flood Insurance Program.
Thursday May 29 - Eric Blake, Hurricane Specialist at the National Hurricane Center. We will also have Butch Loper, Emergency Operations/Civil Defense Director for Jackson County, MS.
Friday May 30 - Leslie Chapman-Henderson, Director of FLASH.Org.
Saturday May 31 - Michelle Jantz Manager, Program Management and Support Preparedness and Health and Safety Services from the American Red Cross.

Hurricane Hollow's Eye on the Storm June 1st Broadcast

Bob will have special guests, callers and you can join us in Storm Chat!
My guests include:
Spokeperson from 511 the Traffic Information Portal.
Gary Padgett, from the Tropical Cyclone Summeries.
And more! Stay tuned for more information on the 8 nights of broadcasts from www.WRBN.Net!


Come join in chat for a full week of Hurricane Prepardness
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1585. ShenValleyFlyFish 15:10 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
1568. Patrap

An excellent film.

As a member of a pacifist "sect" I treat the day as one of mourning for all the dead of all wars civilian & military. How many here can say that their childhood pastor began his service with a prayer for wisdom for "ALL those in authority" and thanks for "guidance to a Land where we are allowed to worship as we chose"?
Member Since: 9 septembre 2007 Posts: 36 Comments: 4684
1586. Patrap 15:15 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
No doubt,Patton had a sense of History and was a Avid reader of it.

He knew his role and never wavered on it. One has to respect a Man/General who Leads and Hit his Knee's every Night for Guidance doing it.Link
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1587. KrazyKaneLove 15:15 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
why wednesday? is that when the development is supposed to occur according to gfs?
Member Since: 7 septembre 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 429
1588. Blipvert 15:23 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
I just uploaded a few dozen pics of the damage around Windsor. Emergency crews/police have the area very well cordoned off, but I was able to get onto the Kodak property and take some pics of the area directly in the middle of the path of the tornado just before it tore through Windsor, after it hit the RV park where the solde fatality was recorded.

Pictures are at:

http://simons.smugmug.com/gallery/5011218_MXGZP#300623773_RbdTe

Here's a particulary interesting image- one tree that was standing left out of pretty much a razed field, with sheet metal squarely wrapped around one of the twisted branches:



1589. Drakoen 15:28 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Good morning. Still unclear about where cyclogenesis will occur but the ECMWF, NOGAPS, and GFS hint development in the western Caribbean likely advected from the EPAC.
Member Since: 28 octobre 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29010
1590. Blipvert 15:32 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
...And if you're really interested, this sorta thing runs in the family. The Palm Sunday Tornado that destroyed Dunlap in 1965 claimed the houses of most of my immediate family. My father took what I think are the only color pictures that survive of the aftermath of that event. I have posted the 43 year old pics here:

http://simons.smugmug.com/gallery/96548_A9DrZ#3389180_4tGJy

Now That's EF-4/EF-5 damage.
1591. ShenValleyFlyFish 15:34 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Safety Lapses Raised Risks In Trailers for Katrina Victims

Formaldehyde Found in High Levels; 17,000 Say Homes Caused Illnesses

By Spencer S. Hsu
Washington Post Staff Writer
Sunday, May 25, 2008; Page A01

Within days of Hurricane Katrina's landfall in August 2005, frantic officials at the Federal Emergency Management Agency ordered nearly $2.7 billion worth of trailers and mobile homes to house the storm's victims, many of them using a single page of specifications.
This Story

*
Safety Lapses Raised Risks In Trailers for Katrina Victims
*
Formaldehyde: A Range of Standards
*
Three Types of FEMA Housing

Today, industry and government experts depict the rushed procurement and construction as key failures that may have triggered a public health catastrophe among the more than 300,000 people, many of them children, who lived in FEMA homes.
Member Since: 9 septembre 2007 Posts: 36 Comments: 4684
1592. Patrap 15:37 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
nola.com Link
Member Since: 3 juillet 2005 Posts: 370 Comments: 111297
1593. TerraNova 15:40 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Member Since: 30 juillet 2007 Posts: 76 Comments: 4058
1594. ShenValleyFlyFish 15:41 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Peeved at Prices? Don't Blame the Dealer
Awash in Profit, Exxon Fights for Pennies While Raising the Rent


Exxon keeps Sohaila Rezazadeh's profit to pennies on the gallon, even as it raises the lease on her Oakton station by about 10 percent a year. (By Lois Raimondo

Every time Sohaila Rezazadeh rings up a sale at her Exxon station on Chain Bridge Road in Oakton, her cash register sends the information to Exxon Mobil's central computers. If she raises the price of gasoline a couple of pennies, chances are that Exxon will raise the wholesale price she pays by the same amount.

Through a password-protected Web portal, Exxon notifies Rezazadeh of wholesale price changes daily. That way the oil giant, which is earning about $3.3 billion a month, fine-tunes the pump prices at the franchise Rezazadeh has owned for 12 years.

Now, however, Rezazadeh says she cannot stay in business. Credit-card fees are eating her profit margins. Exxon, which owns the station land, last week handed Rezazadeh a new lease raising her rent about 30 percent over the next three years. She stuck a copy on the window of her station to show customers who are angry about soaring pump prices. Rezazadeh has told Exxon that she cannot make money with the rent that high. Her territory manager's reply, she said, was simple: When you go, leave us the keys.
Member Since: 9 septembre 2007 Posts: 36 Comments: 4684
1595. weathersp 15:41 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Hi all!

Whats the news of the day?
Member Since: 14 janvier 2007 Posts: 17 Comments: 4112
1596. weatherfromFlorida 15:41 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Aww, Nasaspaceflight's blogs down, how am I gonna watch the Mars Landing?
Member Since: 22 Mars 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 77
1597. Stormchaser2007 15:42 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Heres the cross over storm. (NOGAPS)

Member Since: 9 juin 2007 Posts: 4 Comments: 15248
1598. TexasGulf 15:44 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Y'all in the midwest have been sucking in our warm Gulf air for the past week.

The steady wind and warm air flowing North out of Texas has been wreaking havoc. My tomato plants are drying up, swimming pool needed to be topped off and my wife had three 'bad hair days' this week.

Enough with the wind. The Midwest has been enjoying your violent weather, but its time to calm down now and keep the southern Gulf breeze in the south. Warm air doesn't grow on trees, you know. Stop sucking it all away from Texas.
Member Since: 28 avril 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 354
1599. Drakoen 15:44 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Another thing to consider is how much cyclogenesis will occur with the system in the EPAC before it crosses over into the Caribbean.
Member Since: 28 octobre 2006 Posts: 57 Comments: 29010
1600. nash28 15:48 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
Morning all. What happened to Vort's blog?
Member Since: 11 juillet 2005 Posts: 190 Comments: 16972
1601. nash28 15:50 GMT le 25 mai 2008    
I see there is still somewhat of a split as to which basin this Low will be in.
Member Since: 11 juillet 2005 Posts: 190 Comments: 16972

Viewing: 1551 - 1601

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48Blog Index

New Comment
Community Standards Policy Comments will take a few seconds to appear.
Post Your Comments
Please sign in to post comments.
Not only will you be able to leave comments on this blog, but you'll also have the ability to upload and share your photos in our Wunder Photos section.
About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

Local Weather
Clear
70 ° F
Ciel dégagé
Community Activity